Course on Marx's Capital: Week 7
Capital
Chapter 4 of Karl Marx’s Capital
Volume 1, called “The General Formula for Capital”, is one of the short
chapters in the book. It is immediately followed “The Contradictions in the
General Formula of Capital” which is Chapter 5; so here they are given together
(see link for download, below).
Chapter 4 introduces the
distinction between selling an unwanted commodity to get money to buy another
commodity for use (C-M-C); or otherwise
purchasing a commodity for re-sale with the intention of getting back the
money, plus a surplus (M-C-M’).
This distinction is made as a preparation
for the definition of Surplus-Value that is coming. “Capital” is not a hasty
book. It is well paced so as to be friendly to any kind of reader, including worker
readers.
In spite of its name, Chapter 4 is
not a general definition of capital. This “general formula” is only an outline
of “capital as it appears prima facie
within the sphere of circulation”. The chapter does not explain how a surplus
is obtained, or where it comes from. That explanation is reserved for later.
Chapter
5 of Capital Volume 1 finds Karl Marx at his most relaxed. He knows
very well that C-M-C and M-C-M are formally no more than portions
of, or extracts from, a series with no end and no beginning, as …MCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMC….
He flaunts the absurdity of the distinction, asking: “How can this
purely formal distinction between these processes change their character as it
were by magic?”
He proceeds to state directly that: “The inversion… of the order of succession does not take us outside the sphere of the simple circulation of commodities, and we must rather look, whether there is in this simple circulation anything permitting an expansion of the value that enters into circulation, and, consequently, a creation of surplus-value.”
But now we begin to see what Marx is getting at. He is trying to find out how, in the process of exchange, a real increase can be found. He already has the answer but he is content here to have the groundwork of his argument tested against the ideas of others, such as Monsieur Condillac and Colonel Torrens, as well as “Vulgar-Economy”, and so by degrees to refute “the delusion that surplus-value has its origin in a nominal rise of prices or in the privilege which the seller has of selling too dear.”
Marx shows that: “It is… impossible for capital to be produced by circulation, and it is equally impossible for it to originate apart from circulation. It must have its origin both in circulation and yet not in circulation.”
Marx finishes the chapter like this: “Our friend, Moneybags, who as yet is only an embryo capitalist, must buy his commodities at their value, must sell them at their value, and yet at the end of the process must withdraw more value from circulation than he threw into it at starting... These are the conditions of the problem. Hic Rhodus, hic salta!”
He proceeds to state directly that: “The inversion… of the order of succession does not take us outside the sphere of the simple circulation of commodities, and we must rather look, whether there is in this simple circulation anything permitting an expansion of the value that enters into circulation, and, consequently, a creation of surplus-value.”
But now we begin to see what Marx is getting at. He is trying to find out how, in the process of exchange, a real increase can be found. He already has the answer but he is content here to have the groundwork of his argument tested against the ideas of others, such as Monsieur Condillac and Colonel Torrens, as well as “Vulgar-Economy”, and so by degrees to refute “the delusion that surplus-value has its origin in a nominal rise of prices or in the privilege which the seller has of selling too dear.”
Marx shows that: “It is… impossible for capital to be produced by circulation, and it is equally impossible for it to originate apart from circulation. It must have its origin both in circulation and yet not in circulation.”
Marx finishes the chapter like this: “Our friend, Moneybags, who as yet is only an embryo capitalist, must buy his commodities at their value, must sell them at their value, and yet at the end of the process must withdraw more value from circulation than he threw into it at starting... These are the conditions of the problem. Hic Rhodus, hic salta!”
This is Marx’s way of saying “Here we are,” or “This is it!”
The
problem is set. The solution is going to follow soon enough.
Download:
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