Course on Marx's Capital: Week 17
Absolute
and Relative
The three short Chapters 16, 17 and 18 of Marx’s Capital
Volume 1 (download linked below) have very interesting things to say about
absolute and relative Surplus-Value, and about the old political economists’
mistakes about it. Here are some of the points made by Karl Marx in these chapters:
“Capitalist
production is not merely the production of commodities, it is essentially the
production of surplus-value. The labourer produces, not for himself, but for
capital. It no longer suffices, therefore, that he should simply produce. He
must produce surplus-value. That labourer alone is productive, who produces
surplus-value for the capitalist, and
thus works for the self-expansion of capital.”
“The
production of absolute surplus-value turns exclusively upon the length of the
working-day; the production of relative surplus-value, revolutionises out and
out the technical processes of labour, and the composition of society. It
therefore pre-supposes a specific mode, the capitalist mode of production, a
mode which, along with its methods, means, and conditions, arises and develops
itself spontaneously on the foundation afforded by the formal subjection of
labour to capital. In the course of this development, the formal subjection is
replaced by the real subjection of labour to capital.”
“Assuming
that labour-power is paid for at its value, we are confronted by this
alternative: given the productiveness of labour and its normal intensity, the
rate of surplus-value can be raised only by the actual prolongation of the
working-day; on the other hand, given the length of the working-day, that rise
can be effected only by a change in the relative magnitudes of the components
of the working-day, viz., necessary labour and surplus-labour; a change which,
if the wages are not to fall below the value of labour-power, presupposes a
change either in the productiveness or in the intensity of the labour.”
“Bourgeois
economists instinctively saw, and rightly so, that it is very dangerous to stir too deeply the burning question of the
origin of surplus-value.”
“Capital,
therefore, is not only, as Adam Smith says, the command over labor. It is
essentially the command over unpaid labor. All surplus-value, whatever
particular form (profit, interest, or rent), it may subsequently crystallize
into, is in substance the materialization of unpaid labor. The secret of the self-expansion of capital resolves itself into
having the disposal of a definite quantity of other people's unpaid labor.”
Please
download and read the following document:
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