Wage Labour & Capital
This course was done in New
York!
Prof
Joe Harris of New York is our John the Baptist. He has gone before. This course
was designed last year in South Africa and it was blogged last year through the
Communist University. But Professor Harris was the first one to teach a face-to-face
course based on this particular (Communist University) scheme.
Having
done it, and successfully so, Prof Harris’s advice was to drop all of the precursor
texts, which is to say the ones written during the two decades prior to the
publication of Capital Volume 1 in 1867, except for the Communist Manifesto,
which, Harris says, “shows Marx's outlook and main conclusions, and that is
what is most useful before reading Capital”.
We
will take Prof Harris’s advice and drop one of the four previously-scheduled precursor
texts, namely “The Introduction
to a Critique of Political Economy” (1859). This is a brilliant work but
it does not fit in here. Let us note that there are other “precursor” texts in
existence including the “Economic and
Philosophical Manuscripts” of 1844 and the enormous “Grundrisse” (“building plans”)
of 1857. It is enough for now that you know that these preliminary works exist,
and that “Capital” Volume 1 was not an isolated piece of work in Karl Marx’s
life.
We
will retain the other three “precursors”: Wage Labour and Capital
(1847); The Communist Manifesto
(1848); and Value, Price and Profit
(1865), while noting what Joseph Harris says: “nothing really prepares students for Chapters 1-3 [of Capital Volume
1]”.
In
these openings, and in light of Prof Harris’s feedback, we will include a
little more explanation of why we spend time on these texts. It is because they
provide a key to unlock the pattern and the trajectory of the main work. Among
other things, they show that Karl Marx was consistently, and in due course
successfully, on the hunt for Surplus Value. They also show that the
great “Capital” was not a work in isolation, but is the culmination and summary
of a lot of previous work.
“Wage Labour and Capital” and
the hunt for Surplus Value
Karl
Marx’s Capital, Volume 1 is a great work of literature and it contains many
things. But more than any other thing it is about Surplus Value. This work “Wage
Labour and Capital”, and especially Engels’ remarks about it, demonstrate that
in 1847, Karl Marx was not able to explain Surplus Value in terms of commodity Labour
Power as distinct from Labour itself.
“Wage
Labour and Capital” was given as a lecture to the German Workingmen's Club of
Brussels (Belgium) in 1847. Karl Marx had clearly not yet begun, at that stage,
to make a clear distinction between the act of Labour and its prior potential, called Labour-Power. The latter is the commodity that the worker sells
each day to the capitalist in exchange for the privilege of staying alive.
The
capitalist makes the worker work and takes all the product of the worker’s Labour, giving back only just enough
for the worker to survive as commodity Labour
Power and to be up for sale again on the next working day.
This
is the reason for Frederick Engels’ apologetic 5-page 1891 Introduction to the present (linked below) edition of “Wage Labour
and Capital”. This is the reason why Karl Marx had to press on for another 20
years until Capital Volume 1 was published in 1867, and beyond.
Hence
the main thing to read here, for the purposes of our series, is Engels’ Introduction. It is the reason
for including this text in the series. It provides our starting point and it defines
the theme which will serve us throughout all the parts of this series.
It is
not strictly necessary for you to go on and read the text of “Wage Labour and
Capital”, but if you do so, then please remember that this is not Marx’s
original version. It is the one doctored by Engels, as he confesses in his
Introduction.
The
distinction between Labour and Labour-Power is the necessary basis
upon which an understanding of Surplus
Value can be built, and Surplus Value is the key to the whole project that
Marx worked on for about forty years from at latest 1844 until his death in
1883.
Said
Engels: “Classical political economy had
run itself into a blind alley. The man who discovered the way out of this blind
alley was Karl Marx.” In hindsight, this is true, but in 1847 it was not
yet fully true. Engels’ Introduction to “Wage Labour and Capital” reveals Karl Marx’s
quest. From this point on in this series, side-by-side with Marx, we are going
in search of the mysterious beast called “Surplus Value” and all of its
implications.
To
sum up: Labour-Power is what you
bring to your employer’s front gate in the morning. The employer normally pays
you for it, in full (as Marx
points out in “Value, Price and Profit”). After that, the entire product of any
Labour you may do during the working
day belongs to the employer.
“The secret of the self-expansion of capital
resolves itself into having the disposal of a definite quantity of other
people's unpaid labour” wrote Marx, later, in Capital, Volume 1 (Chapter 18).
Can someone answer this two question asked by John Weston, April 4,1865:
ReplyDeleteCan the social and material prospects of the working class be in general improved by wage increases in South Africa?
Do not the efforts of the trade unions to secure increases have a harmful effect on other branches of industry in South Africa?